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Sandal, Fort Rock type, sagebrush, 1-9156

Great Basin Sandals

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The Museum of Natural and Cultural History is famous for its remarkable collection of sandals recovered from dry cave sites in Oregon's Northern Great Basin. Beginning with excavations by Luther Cressman in the 1930s, well-preserved sandals woven from sagebrush bark and other fibers were found above and below a volcanic ash deposited by the explosion of Mount Mazama, which created Crater Lake 7600 years ago. After carbon dating was developed in the 1950s, Cressman had a Fort Rock-style sandal dated; when calibrated to true calendar years, the sandal was more than 10,000 years old. With support from the BLM, Tom Connolly—director of archaeological research at the Museum of Natural and Cultural History and State Museum of Anthropology—has had numerous sandals dated via AMS 14C, which requires just a tiny sample. The results show that Fort Rock-style sandals were made from ~10,200 to 9,300 years ago (BP)—the oldest directly-dated shoes in the world!

Fort Rock sandals disappear from the Northern Great Basin about 9,300 years ago, after which multiple warp and spiral weft sandals were made for millennia. The persistence of these ‘later’ types over thousands of years is remarkable, mirroring the longevity of other basketry types in the region, some of which were still being made historically by Klamath and Modoc Tribal members.

Learn more about the sandal types, or explore a wider variety of Northern Great Basin artifacts on the museum's Anthropological Collections online database. 

 

Further Reading

Connolly, Thomas J., Pat Barker, Catherine S. Fowler, Eugene M. Hattori, Dennis L. Jenkins, and William J. Cannon
   2016    Getting Beyond the Point: Textiles of the Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene in the Northwestern Great Basin. American Antiquity 81(3):490-514.

Connolly, Thomas J. and Pat Barker.
2004    Basketry Chronology of the Early Holocene in the Northern Great Basin. In Early and Middle Holocene Archaeology in the Northern Great Basin, edited by Dennis L. Jenkins, Thomas J. Connolly, and C. Melvin Aikens, pp. 241-150. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers 62, Eugene.

2008    Great Basin Sandals. In The Great Basin: People and Place in Ancient Times, edited by C. Fowler and D. Fowler. School for Advanced Research Press.

Connolly, Thomas J. and William J. Cannon.
1999    Comments on “America’s Oldest Basketry.” Radiocarbon 41(3):309-313

Cressman, Luther S.
1981    The Sandal and the Cave. Oregon State University.

Images © UO Museum of Natural and Cultural History. Production of this gallery was generously supported by The Ford Family Foundation.

Image Gallery
Image
Fort Rock sandal fragment

Cat. #1325-548 Fort Rock sandal fragment Antelope Overhang. 8500 ± 60 BP (Beta-249770), ~9520 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1325-548
Fort Rock sandal fragment
Antelope Overhang. 8500 ± 60 BP (Beta-249770), ~9520 cal BP

Image
Fort Rock sandal

Cat. #1-31699 Fort Rock sandal, sagebrush bark Fort Rock Cave, 8460 ± 40 BP (Beta-221343), ~9490 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-31699
Fort Rock sandal, sagebrush bark
Fort Rock Cave, 8460 ± 40 BP (Beta-221343), ~9490 cal BP

Image
Fort Rock sandal sole

Cat. #60-1-31699 Fort Rock sandal sole, sagebrush bark Fort Rock Cave, 8460 ± 40 BP (Beta-221343), ~9490 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #60-1-31699
Fort Rock sandal sole, sagebrush bark
Fort Rock Cave, 8460 ± 40 BP (Beta-221343), ~9490 cal BP

Image
Fort Rock sandal

Cat. #1-46927 Fort Rock sandal Fort Rock Cave, 8480 ± 30 BP (UCIAMS-87419), ~9500 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-46927
Fort Rock sandal
Fort Rock Cave, 8480 ± 30 BP (UCIAMS-87419), ~9500 cal BP

Image
Fort Rock sandal sole

Cat. #1-3117 Fort Rock sandal sole Catlow Cave, 8400 ± 50 BP (Beta-249768), ~9450 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-3117
Fort Rock sandal sole
Catlow Cave, 8400 ± 50 BP (Beta-249768), ~9450 cal BP

Image
Fort Rock sandal

Cat. #1-3563 Fort Rock sandal Catlow Cave, 8308 ± 43 BP (AA-30056), ~9350 cal BP Connolly and Cannon 1999

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-3563
Fort Rock sandal
Catlow Cave, 8308 ± 43 BP (AA-30056), ~9350 cal BP
Connolly and Cannon 1999

Image
Fort Rock sandal

Cat. #1-3583 Fort Rock sandal Catlow Cave, 8250 ± 60 BP (Beta-249769), ~9360 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-3583
Fort Rock sandal
Catlow Cave, 8250 ± 60 BP (Beta-249769), ~9360 cal BP

Image
Fort Rock sandal

Cat. #1325-253 Fort Rock sandal  Antelope Overhang, 8260 ± 50 BP (Beta-249771), ~9270 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1325-253
Fort Rock sandal 
Antelope Overhang, 8260 ± 50 BP (Beta-249771), ~9270 cal BP

Image
Spiral Weft sandal

Cat. #1325-550 Spiral Weft sandal, sagebrush bark Antelope Overhang, 8395 ± 55 BP (AA-74228), ~9410 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1325-550
Spiral Weft sandal, sagebrush bark
Antelope Overhang, 8395 ± 55 BP (AA-74228), ~9410 cal BP

Image
Spiral Weft sandal sole

Cat. #1-3543 Spiral Weft sandal sole Catlow Cave, 7860 ± 50 BP (Beta-249772), ~8620 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-3543
Spiral Weft sandal sole
Catlow Cave, 7860 ± 50 BP (Beta-249772), ~8620 cal BP

Image
Spiral Weft sandal sole fragment

Cat. #1325-150 Spiral Weft sandal sole fragment, sagebrush bark Antelope Overhang, 7806 ± 40 BP (AA-74227), ~8590 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1325-150
Spiral Weft sandal sole fragment, sagebrush bark
Antelope Overhang, 7806 ± 40 BP (AA-74227), ~8590 cal BP

Image
Spiral Weft sandal

Cat. #1-3357 Spiral Weft sandal, sagebrush bark Catlow Cave, 1770 ± 40 (Beta-173700), ~1820 cal BP  

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-3357
Spiral Weft sandal, sagebrush bark
Catlow Cave, 1770 ± 40 (Beta-173700), ~1820 cal BP
 

Image
Spiral Weft sandal

Cat. #1-2626 Spiral Weft sandal, sagebrush bark Catlow Cave, 1740 ± 50 BP, (Beta-147429), ~1670 cal BP Connolly and Barker 2004

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-2626
Spiral Weft sandal, sagebrush bark
Catlow Cave, 1740 ± 50 BP, (Beta-147429), ~1670 cal BP
Connolly and Barker 2004

Image
Spiral Weft sandal - added heel pocket

Cat. #1-8465 Spiral Weft sandal, tule - added heel pocket Roaring Springs Cave, 1620 ± 40 BP (Beta-147427), ~1530 cal BP Connolly and Barker 2004

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-8465
Spiral Weft sandal, tule - added heel pocket
Roaring Springs Cave, 1620 ± 40 BP (Beta-147427), ~1530 cal BP
Connolly and Barker 2004

Image
Multiple Warp sandal fragment

Cat. #1-8157 Multiple Warp sandal fragment Roaring Springs Cave, 3110 ± 50 BP (Beta-1474258), ~3330 cal BP Connolly and Barker 2004

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-8157
Multiple Warp sandal fragment
Roaring Springs Cave, 3110 ± 50 BP (Beta-1474258), ~3330 cal BP
Connolly and Barker 2004

Image
Multiple Warp sandal sole fragment

Cat. #1-8157 Multiple Warp sandal sole fragment Roaring Springs Cave, 3110 ± 50 BP (Beta-1474258), ~3330 cal BP Connolly and Barker 2004

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-8157
Multiple Warp sandal sole fragment
Roaring Springs Cave, 3110 ± 50 BP (Beta-1474258), ~3330 cal BP
Connolly and Barker 2004

Image
Multiple Warp sandal - open twined

Cat. #1-10057 Multiple Warp sandal - open twined Paisley Cave #2, 2830 ± 50 BP (Beta-249765), ~2940 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-10057
Multiple Warp sandal - open twined
Paisley Cave #2, 2830 ± 50 BP (Beta-249765), ~2940 cal BP

Image
Multiple Warp sandal

Cat. #1-5341 Multiple Warp sandal Paisley Caves, 2270 ± 50 BP (Beta-127424), ~2330 cal BP Connolly and Barker 2004

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-5341
Multiple Warp sandal
Paisley Caves, 2270 ± 50 BP (Beta-127424), ~2330 cal BP
Connolly and Barker 2004

Image
Multiple Warp sandal

Cat. #1-8702 Multiple Warp sandal, sagebrush bark warp and rabbit fur wefts Roaring Springs Cave, 1960 ± 50 BP (Beta-147429), ~1910 cal BP 2100 ± 40 BP (Beta-249766), ~2080 cal BP Connolly and Barker 2004

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-8702
Multiple Warp sandal, sagebrush bark warp and rabbit fur wefts
Roaring Springs Cave, 1960 ± 50 BP (Beta-147429), ~1910 cal BP
2100 ± 40 BP (Beta-249766), ~2080 cal BP Connolly and Barker 2004

Image
Multiple Warp sandal

Cat. #1-9017 Multiple Warp sandal Paisley Cave #1, 1610 ± 40 BP (Beta-249767), ~1520 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-9017
Multiple Warp sandal
Paisley Cave #1, 1610 ± 40 BP (Beta-249767), ~1520 cal BP

Image
Multiple Warp sandal sole

Cat. #1-9017 Multiple Warp sandal sole Paisley Cave #1, 1610 ± 40 BP (Beta-249767), ~1520 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-9017
Multiple Warp sandal sole
Paisley Cave #1, 1610 ± 40 BP (Beta-249767), ~1520 cal BP

Image
Multiple Warp sandal - closed diagonal twine

Cat. #1-9035 Multiple Warp sandal - closed diagonal twine Paisley Cave #1, 1590 ± 40 BP (Beta-249762), ~1520 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-9035
Multiple Warp sandal - closed diagonal twine
Paisley Cave #1, 1590 ± 40 BP (Beta-249762), ~1520 cal BP

Image
Multiple Warp sandal - open diagonal twine

Cat. #1-8717 Multiple Warp sandal - open diagonal twine Roaring Springs Cave, 1275 ± 34 BP (AA-74225), ~1230 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-8717
Multiple Warp sandal - open diagonal twine
Roaring Springs Cave, 1275 ± 34 BP (AA-74225), ~1230 cal BP

Image
Multiple Warp sandal sole - open diagonal twine

Cat. #1-8717 Multiple Warp sandal sole - open diagonal twine Roaring Springs Cave, 1275 ± 34 BP (AA-74225), ~1230 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-8717
Multiple Warp sandal sole - open diagonal twine
Roaring Springs Cave, 1275 ± 34 BP (AA-74225), ~1230 cal BP

Image
Multiple warp sandal

Cat. #1-10023 Multiple warp sandal Paisley Cave #2, 1130 ± 40 BP (Beta-249763), ~1050 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-10023
Multiple warp sandal
Paisley Cave #2, 1130 ± 40 BP (Beta-249763), ~1050 cal BP

Image
Multiple warp sandal sole

Cat. #1-10023 Multiple warp sandal sole Paisley Cave #2, 1130 ± 40 BP (Beta-249763), ~1050 cal BP

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

Cat. #1-10023
Multiple warp sandal sole
Paisley Cave #2, 1130 ± 40 BP (Beta-249763), ~1050 cal BP

Image
1985 poster of Oregon's Oldest Running Shoes

This 1985 poster commemorates the museum's 50th anniversary. The museum extends its thanks to NIKE, Inc. for the design and production of the poster.

Gallery Caption (Only for Collections Gallery Images)

This 1985 poster commemorates the museum's 50th anniversary. The museum extends its thanks to NIKE, Inc. for the design and production of the poster.

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